Charles John Huffam Dickens, 1843. 12. 19., Jacob Marley, 1836. 12. 24., 7 years later, Ebenezer Scrooge, Bob Cratchit, Victorian Era, 1837~1901, Opium Wars 1839~1842, Thomas Robert Malthus, 1798, “An Essay on the Principle of Population, as it affects the Future Improvement of Society with remarks on the Speculations of Mr. Godwin, M. Condorcet, and Other Writers”, and George Muller, 1805-1898