“Know this, my beloved brothers: let every person be quick to hear, slow to speak, slow to anger; for the anger of man does not produce the righteousness of God. Therefore put away all filthiness and rampant wickedness and receive with meekness the implanted word, which is able to save your souls.”(James 1:19-21)
닛잔과 비클러의 권력자본론에 동의하면, 사회구성체(자본=네이션=국가)는 결국 세력 관계로 환원 내지 수렴되지 않나. 가라타니는 왜 푸코를 폄훼했을까.
“보이지 않는 마이크로한 권력에 대해 푸코는 말했습니다. 그러나 마이크로하기 때문에 보이지 않는 것은 아니며, 매크로한 권력인 국가도 보이지 않습니다. 우리는 국가를 내부로부터 셍각하고 맙니다. 그러면 국가는 보이지 않습니다.” “에콜 노말의 학생은 학생이라기보다 급료를 받는 관리입니다. 그런데 노말리언인 푸코는 자신이 관료 출신이라는 것을 전혀 깨닫지 못하고 있습니다. 프랑스 내부에 있으면, 프랑스 국가가 보이지 않는다는 것에 대한 한 증명입니다.”(가라타니 고진)
“다음으로 중요한 것은 교환양식 D입니다. 이것은 어떤 의미에서 A를 고차원적으로 회복하는 것입니다. 즉 자본주의가 충분히 발전한 단계에서 A(공동체)를 회복하는 것을 말합니다. 그것은 종래의 A·B·C의 지양을 의미합니다. 바꿔 말하면 네이션=국가=자본의 지양입니다.”
사회구성체(자본=네이션=국가) 지양, 단독자 간의 어소시에이션에 토대한 세계공화국
“1명이 최대 3권을 작성할 수 있는 자기소개서 항목 4번에 적힌 내용은 총 44,048건으로 이 중 서로 다른 제목을 지닌 책의 종류는 14,041권이었고 미제출한 건수는 52건, 지원자 중 오로지 자신만 읽은 책의 제목도 9,471권이나 되었다. 세상에 헤아릴 수 없을 만큼 다양한 책이 있다는 것을 확인하는 순간이다. 특히 중복되지 않은 9천 5백 권에 가까운 책은 2015학년도 9,011건, 2014년 8,700건 정도였음을 감안할 때 각각의 지원자들이 지닌 독서의 폭이 넓어지고 있는 모습을 짐작할 수 있다.”
“‘절반이 왜 굶주리는지’를 알고 싶어한 학생이라면 ‘어떻게 모두를 굶주리지 않게 할 것인지’를 고민하기 위해 읽어야 할 책들은 더욱 많기 때문이다. 그럼에도 책이 잘 읽히지 않는 경우가 있다고 한다. 그럼 어떻게 해야 할까? 최근 일본에서 가장 권위 있는 문학상을 수상한 개그맨 출신 작가 마타요시 나오키가 세간의 화제다. 그가 기자회견에서 ‘100권의 책을 읽으면 무조건 책을 좋아하게 된다.’라는 말을 했는데 지금 여러분에게 이 말을 정답처럼 사용하고 싶다.”
1 Samuel 8:1-22 ESV
When Samuel became old, he made his sons judges over Israel. The name of his firstborn son was Joel, and the name of his second, Abijah; they were judges in Beersheba. Yet his sons did not walk in his ways but turned aside after gain. They took bribes and perverted justice. Then all the elders of Israel gathered together and came to Samuel at Ramah and said to him, “Behold, you are old and your sons do not walk in your ways. Now appoint for us a king to judge us like all the nations.” But the thing displeased Samuel when they said, “Give us a king to judge us.” And Samuel prayed to the Lord. And the Lord said to Samuel, “Obey the voice of the people in all that they say to you, for they have not rejected you, but they have rejected me from being king over them. According to all the deeds that they have done, from the day I brought them up out of Egypt even to this day, forsaking me and serving other gods, so they are also doing to you. Now then, obey their voice; only you shall solemnly warn them and show them the ways of the king who shall reign over them.” So Samuel told all the words of the Lord to the people who were asking for a king from him. He said, “These will be the ways of the king who will reign over you: he will take your sons and appoint them to his chariots and to be his horsemen and to run before his chariots. And he will appoint for himself commanders of thousands and commanders of fifties, and some to plow his ground and to reap his harvest, and to make his implements of war and the equipment of his chariots. He will take your daughters to be perfumers and cooks and bakers. He will take the best of your fields and vineyards and olive orchards and give them to his servants. He will take the tenth of your grain and of your vineyards and give it to his officers and to his servants. He will take your male servants and female servants and the best of your young men and your donkeys, and put them to his work. He will take the tenth of your flocks, and you shall be his slaves. And in that day you will cry out because of your king, whom you have chosen for yourselves, but the Lord will not answer you in that day.” But the people refused to obey the voice of Samuel. And they said, “No! But there shall be a king over us, that we also may be like all the nations, and that our king may judge us and go out before us and fight our battles.” And when Samuel had heard all the words of the people, he repeated them in the ears of the Lord . And the Lord said to Samuel, “Obey their voice and make them a king.” Samuel then said to the men of Israel, “Go every man to his city.”
* The Israelites didn’t trust invisivle God. God told Samuel that their request was not a personal rejection of Samuel, but an evil tendency the Israelites had had since the exodus. They had rejected the true king, who had devoted himself to them, and sought an earthly king, who would mistreat and exploit them.
The start of all our endeavors
1 Samuel 7:12-13 ESV
Then Samuel took a stone and set it up between Mizpah and Shen and called its name Ebenezer; for he said, “Till now the Lord has helped us.” So the Philistines were subdued and did not again enter the territory of Israel. And the hand of the Lord was against the Philistines all the days of Samuel.
“When the Israelites tried to use God, they were defeated, but when they depended on God, God gave them victory.” “Let’s ensure that returning to God, seeking God, and asking God for help is the start of all our endeavors.”
If the Lord had not been my help, my soul would soon have lived in the land of silence. When I thought, “My foot slips,” your steadfast love, O Lord, held me up. When the cares of my heart are many, your consolations cheer my soul.(Psalms 94:17-19)
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